Afghan opium crop under siege

KABUL, Afghanistan — Springtime is on the way and already hundreds of farmers are tending pale-green shoots of Afghanistan's chief crop and economic mainstay: opium poppies.

It looks to be a bumper year. Some 320,000 acres are blanketed in rows of sprouts that eventually produce almost 90 percent of the world's heroin.

But drug agents are counterattacking. An army of 500 tractor-driving Afghans hopes to plow the plants under before producers grow powerful enough to corrupt the country's fledgling government.

"There's going to be a continuous effort in spring and summer," U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Karl Eikenberry, the top American commander in Afghanistan, said Tuesday.

When the Taliban ran Afghanistan, its leader enforced an effective ban on poppy growing under threat of jail. As a result, cultivation dropped to practically nothing in 2000.

But Afghan and Western counternarcotics officials say the hard-line Taliban militia fighting the U.S.-backed government is now implicated in the trade and uses the proceeds to help fund its insurgency.

The dramatic increase in poppy cultivation since U.S. forces ousted the Taliban from power in late 2001 has caused alarm in the West.

Persuading farmers to stop growing the flowers will take decades, Eikenberry said. Thailand's largely successful campaign took 25 years. Afghanistan's crop is being eradicated amid a guerrilla war and some of the world's starkest poverty. It will take longer, Eikenberry said.

One farmer in Kandahar's poppy belt, Haji Abdul Karim, says planting his 12 acres with poppies is the only way to feed his six sons and two daughters. Revenue from wheat or grapes wouldn't even cover cooking fuel, Abdul Karim said.

The U.S. Agency for International Development has earmarked $146 million this year for economic development and export-oriented farming projects meant to wean Afghans from the crop. The U.S. funds are paying for replanting poppy fields with orchards of apricot, apple, pomegranate and nut trees and grapevines.

Even so, a U.N. survey released Monday said this year's crop would be larger than last year's — though smaller than the record 2004 crop of about 500,000 acres.

One reason cultivation has risen is that threats to cut down last year's crop never materialized, a U.S. drug agent said, speaking on condition of anonymity because of his involvement in counternarcotics operations. This year, agents hope threats are now backed by action.

Making matters more difficult, farmers such as Abdul Karim may receive protection from drug gangs who have warned of attacks on government eradication teams. Last year, several team members were killed in action.

And drug gangs are finding unlikely allies among radical Muslim insurgents, according to Eikenberry.

The heroin industry has become so strong that the corruption and crime it fosters are endangering the government, Eikenberry said.

The surrounding region is showing the strain of coping with the 4,400 tons of Afghanistan's opiate exports.

Neighboring Iran is now thought to harbor the world's highest per-capita heroin use, with as many as 3 million addicts; Pakistan counts 1.5 million. Afghanistan has flourishing opium dens and 50,000 addicts, the U.S. agent said.