Surviving Korean War POWs-turned-defectors offer their insights on Lindh
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Is John Walker Lindh — the young Californian accused of fighting for the Taliban — a traitor?
Sam Hawkins remembers when Americans asked the same question about him, back when he was a young soldier and a new, uneasy truce draped the Korean peninsula
"Traitor, yeah, they called me a traitor," he said. "But I wasn't really." Lindh, he said, is a different story.
In the winter of 1954, Hawkins was among 21 American prisoners of war who refused to come home after the Korean War. Instead, they headed to communist China, shocking their families and their nation.
Ten have since died. Two reportedly remain in China. Two apparently settled in Europe.
And seven live quietly here in the States. They were not pleased to be found, and those who agreed to be interviewed spoke on the condition their locations not be disclosed. Judging by their words, they are genuinely patriotic.
"When you walk over this country line, you ought to get on the ground and kiss it, baby, because we've got something that nobody else has," Hawkins said. Then he leaned way back and laughed loud and hard. "I'm sure I ought to know."
Lindh reportedly joined the Taliban willingly; the Korean War defectors were prisoners of war who decided to go to China only after three years of communist indoctrination in the camps. And unlike Lindh, who is scheduled to be tried in August on charges of conspiring to kill Americans, none of the Korean War defectors was accused of taking up arms against American troops.
But there are also some parallels.
Today, if prodded, that first group of "turncoats" has something to say about being young, impressionable, and making bad decisions.
"I could be blase and say, well, let's give him a fair trial and then hang (him)," Hawkins said about Lindh. "But part of the thing people forget is that if you isolate anybody, they can be transformed."
Aaron Wilson, a retired heavy-equipment operator who was among the first in Hawkins' group to return to the States, agrees.
"He was probably just searching, following somebody or something."
Like Wilson once did.
"That experience, I just try to put it behind me now," he said. "It was a bad one."
"It is impossible to fight for peace in the United States," Pfc. Arlie Pate wrote his family in 1953. "Anyone who tries to fight for peace will be prosecuted and even put to death."
Scott "PeeWee" Rush told reporters, "I am determined to fight for peace, and this (China) is the only place where I will have the freedom to do it."
What changed them?
War erupted in June 1950 when North Korean troops invaded the South in an attempt to unify the divided country. By November, U.S. forces defending the South were all but triumphant when the Chinese suddenly entered the war on the side of the North.
Most of the 21 Americans who eventually went to China were captured during the first days of the Chinese attack, meaning they spent about three years as prisoners before making their fateful decisions.
According to U.S. military records, the POWs endured relentless communist indoctrination including mandatory lectures on the evils of capitalism.
The Americans didn't react well to six-hour sessions in freezing temperatures, so the Chinese switched to smaller, "voluntary" study groups. GIs displaying "progressive" thinking might be rewarded with a scrap of pork in their gruel, or perhaps with a job delivering camp mail.
Even today, the names of Marx, Engels and Lenin trip disconcertingly off the tongue for Wilson, one of the five American defectors who never went beyond the eighth grade. He still remembers, though he no longer believes.
Morris Wills, another of the 21 and the son of an upstate New York farmer, explained his sympathy for socialist ideals in his autobiography: "Before I was a prisoner, I thought China was a terrible tyranny. But what I got from them in camp was completely different. Everything was nice, sort of an orderly, planned way for everyone to live together. So by December 1952 or January 1953, I felt that if I got the chance someday, I would like to go to China."
Thousands of Chinese and North Korean prisoners of war didn't want to go home either, and American peace negotiators insisted they shouldn't be forced to.
In the winter of 1953, as a delicate cease-fire held, Wills, Wilson, Hawkins and the others were trucked to a compound near Panmunjom, where peace talks were under way. The American POWs arrived, fists raised, singing "The Internationale," a communist anthem.
Hawkins remembers American soldiers shouting back the words to "God Bless America."
"We were in trouble already," he said recently. "No doubt about it."
The American POWS were given 90 days to change their minds. Two, Edward Dickenson and Claude Batchelor, crossed to the U.S. side.
Subsequently, both were court-martialed, Dickenson on charges of communicating with the enemy and misconduct as a prisoner of war and Batchelor on charges of collaborating with the enemy. Dickenson was sentenced to 10 years and Batchelor to life, later reduced to 20 years. Both were released after serving 3-1/2 years.
"We couldn't wrap our minds around the notion that American citizens would choose to stay in Korea, and so we came up with a mystical concept that imbued a power to the people holding them," said James Richardson, a social psychologist at the University of Nevada.
Brainwashing, insisted Portia Howe, the mother of another of the men. Her son must have been brainwashed.
Today, Marilyn Walker says much the same of John Walker Lindh.
"If he got involved in the Taliban, he must have been brainwashed," Walker said in an interview earlier this year. "He was isolated. He didn't know a soul in Pakistan. When you're young and impressionable, it's easy to be led by charismatic people."
Young and impressionable. The 21 Americans who disappeared into China nearly five decades ago were certainly that.
"Brainwashing is not done with electrodes stuck to your head; you are not turned into a robot obeying the orders of a Chinese master," Wills wrote in his book. "What we call 'brainwashing' is a long, horrible process by which a man slowly, step by step, idea by idea, becomes totally convinced, as I was, that the Chinese communists have unlocked the secret to man's happiness."
About 4 a.m. on Feb. 24, 1954, a train carrying the 21 American defectors rumbled across the Yalu River into China.
Soon, Chinese instructors began lectures on socialism, then moved on to "criticism" sessions in which each man told his faults as others verbally whipped him.
"Your first reaction is to feel very, very small. You crawl," Wills recalled. "This continuous barrage of accusations makes you feel the whole thing is true."
The Chinese then shipped some of the men off to the People's University to study language and politics. Arlie Pate was sent to a paper mill where, he would later say, he spent his days watching others work and his nights dancing.
William Cowart, Lewis Griggs and Otho Bell "were kind of the dummy bunch," Bell later recalled. "They sent us to a collective farm, 'cuz we wasn't educated enough to learn Chinese. We were way out in the country — the people there thought we was from outer space."
The novelty wore off quickly for some. Within two years, the men began to trickle home, some with help from the Red Cross, others through friendly embassies.
The first three to return — Cowart, Griggs and Bell — were arrested as they set foot in the United States in 1955. Three months later a federal judge turned them loose, saying the military courts no longer had jurisdiction because the men had been dishonorably discharged.
Wilson returned in 1956 and married his boot-camp sweetheart, who by then had two boys Wilson adopted. The family traveled to New Mexico and California, the dishonorable discharge haunting Wilson with each job application.
Later he returned home to Urania, La., to work at the mill like his father. He used the job as a steppingstone to others around the South, operating heavy equipment in shipyards.
Hawkins — by many accounts the most dashing of the bunch — came home in 1957. His friends and family know he was a prisoner of war in Korea. They know he's fluent in Chinese.
"No one asks questions, and I don't offer details," Hawkins said.
"When I came back, I knew I had to get on with my life. I didn't want to dig ditches, so I got educated, I made a life for myself, I moved on," he said.
James Veneris, the dark-haired son of Greek parents, visited the United States in 1976 but found himself a misfit and returned to China. He and Howard Adams, a former corporal from Corsicana, Texas, are reportedly the only two Korean War defectors remaining in China.
Back in the United States, the remaining survivors have done the best they could.
Rush, a retired machinist, settled in the Midwest with the Chinese wife he brought home. They live a quiet life, and he worries about friends and neighbors somehow learning of his past.
Wilson retired to a small, well-kept brick house and a yard crazy with flowers. Plastic pink flamingos stand watch. In the middle of it all flies an American flag atop an 18-foot pole.
"This is the greatest country in the world," he said, "and maybe when I was 17 years old I didn't know it, but I do now."
Time will tell if Lindh ever feels the same.